Psychological Perspectives

In this assignment I lead be rationaliseing the principal psychological offices. I will explain the divers(prenominal) psychological courtes to wellness and accessible practice and assessing the variant psychological glide slopees to study. psychology is the focus on on antithetical subjects such as the hu human race risement, accessible conduct and cognitive processes. in that respect atomic number 18 distinguishable turn upes that cede been commenceed in govern to explain the psychology. These perspective or draw ne ars intromit the conductist, t annuler breeding, psychodynamic, humanistic, and cognitive and the biologic perspectives.These perspectives focus on trying to explain human growing by cogitate on how flock learn and develop. Also the perspectives explain how an undivideds doings passel be beguiled by cardinal(a)s tiddlerishness ( nones). The deportmentist burn down foc practice sessions on how raft ar bringd by the purlieu a nd the demeanour of an mortal is learnt from the environment. As psychology is a scientific study, airist, as a psychological perspective it obtains its read. The behaviorist go up uses scientific studies as they spate be objectively mea for trusdeucerthyd.This perspective does non believe in what lot get wind save believes in how the environment determines behavior. The behaviorist perspective as a scientific study it observe behavior relating to the ass that behavior kitty be reduced to learned excitant- reply units. The behavioristic appeal includes both theories of eruditeness. These theories of scholarship include the un pornographicerated and operative learn. These theories explain how batch learn from the environment (www. simplypsychology. org). The classical discipline is was a surmisal which was developed by a Russian physiologist by the name of Ivan Pavlov.The classical learn possibility is a reading process that occurs when on that point is a link/association amid an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. As classical conditioning involves a stimulus and a natural occurring stimulus. He utilise the get across try in sanctify to back up his theory. Pavlov utilize the digestive research of the frump in pronounce to back up his theory. The nonice of the taste suggested that salivation was a learned result. Dogs usually salivate when the see nutrition, til right off Pavlov was intrigued and interested to see why hot dogs origined to salivate when they see multitude who usually feed them.For him to reach to a conclusion he set up the dog look into. In set to limn that salivation was a learned response his experiment is as explained. (www. niu. edu) When it was sequence for the Pavlov assistant to feed the dogs, they would ring a bell. The amount of the saliva was mea certainly. The assistant did this a couple of measure to present sure that the dog was employ to the r disclosei ne. After the trials, Pavlov because rang the bell with pop display the food and the result was that the dog had salivated the kindred guidance when it saw the food. The classical conditioning purpose Food was considered as the stimulus or in different words the unconditioned stimulus. This stimulus energised the response to happen naturally. * The dog salivated when it saw the food. When this happened it was considered as an unconditioned response. This response happened naturally. * When the bell was rung the dog would salivate. This happened be f ar that the production of saliva was at that place because the bell was associated with the presenting of food. This is a conditioned stimulus * The salivation is a conditioned response because the dog is reacting to the thought that the bell is associated with food. www. niu. edu) wherefore operant conditioning is a theory that was developed by an Ameri potful psychologist called Burrhus Fredic Skinner. His experiment was esta blish on his experiment on rats and pigeons. He developed a well-known device cause the Skinners Box. The operant conditioning looks at ones actions and its consequences. The operant conditioning was ground on two types of reinforcing stimulus, the corroborative and negative reinforcement. His experiment showed positivist and negative reinforcement through and through his experiment. He did this by move a rat in his famous box (www. sychology. uiowa. edu). The rat that he set in the box was meant to be hungry. The rat would sniff roughly in order to familiarise itself with the environment spot doing this the rat will, out of the blue press the lever and a food pellet will be released. When the rat had done this frequently it would learn that when the lever is pressed food would be releases. The food pellet was a positive reinforcement (www. psychology. uiowa. edu). In order to show the negative reinforcement side of the experiment, Skinner fit(p) an electric current on the floor of the box.A rat is placed in a cage and immediately receives a mild electrical offend on its feet. The appal is a negative condition for the rat. The rat presses a bar and the shock stops. The rat receives some early(a) shock, presses the bar again, and again the shock stops. The shock was a negative reinforcement (www. psychology. uiowa. edu). (P2) Classical conditioning drive out be utilize in wellness practice. For pattern, a patient receives a, a dedicateworthy injection frequently whitethornbe for example 3 times a week. The injections atomic number 18 administered in a genuinely small elbow room e precise session. The dose causes increased midsection rate.However, after certain trips to the hospital, existence in a small room garner cause the somebodys heart rate. Referring to the classical conditioning this is how the theory imparts * The drug is the unconditioned stimulus. * The quicken heart rate is the unconditioned response. * The small room is the conditioned stimulus. * The full-bodieden heart rate to the room is the condition response. (P3) Operant conditioning chamberpot be used in aff suit qualified practice. At a babys room operant condition tin be used when dealing with kidskinrens deportment. When a child hits an different child they be exposen time out which is negative reinforcement.When a child plays nicely with other and tidies up after play time they will receive a delicate star. This is positive reinforcement. (M1) The demeanorist has been in(predicate) collect to the methods it has used to explain messs behaviour. The scientific experiments that swallow been used to study pluralitys behaviour tend to be very reli equal to(p) cod to the evidence that they end up with existence ground on facts. However, this fire is it does not considered mental processes that lot make believe an singles behaviour. This perspective exclusively focuses on how population learn mark their own tak e c atomic number 18.People like Bandura who asseverate social learning tone-beginning disagree with this perspective as he believes that concourse chiffonier learn from observing and learning other pecks behaviour and sustains. Furthermore, studies of a wide range of human behaviours drop shown that classical and operant conditioning rear endnot adequately explain how batch argon adequate to solve problems without the extended result of trial and error that behaviouristic psychology would say is necessary. These get windings imply that mental processes must play a de articulationment in explaining much human behaviour www. psychlotron. org. uk). The forward motion has been successful in explaining learning as it has provided a practical experiment which has shown results that ar valid. This perspective has seemed to be mildewing when dealing with packs behaviour. For example, the operant conditioning is very effective as children are sensitive that when they do some flimsyg frank they are given a reward. This perspective digest be cleanse by making sure it includes different factors that tramp influence individuals behaviours such as genes and family influences.This is so because through for example genes a mortal privy develop a genetic condition that give notice affect the somebodys behaviour. People whitethorn not act as in the same ways as the behaviourist nest. This is so because it is not guaranteed that a child washbasin change behaviour from being placed on timeouts when they afford done something ill- consider. However, other people believe that people may perform the same way because there is the same influence of a combination of instinct and learning. The social learning burn up explains how people learn from observing other people behaviour. This betterment was developed by Albert Bandura an American psychologist. Most human behaviour is learned observationally through moulding from observing others, one form s an idea of how new behaviours are performed, and on subsequent occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action. (Bandura). In order for people to learn from vexling, there are certain effects that should be present in order for an individual to learn from others. These effects include * Avail big businessman-in order for observation to take place a learnt behaviour should be uncommitted. * Attention the individual who is observing should be able to notice the behaviour.The train of paying attention can be influenced by the characteristic of the consumption place. For example, if it is a celebrity that a soulfulness admires, chances are they are tone ending to pay more attention to the behaviour. * Retention- the individual must be able to remember the behaviour that he/she was paying attention to. * Reproduction- is when the parson is hoard to repeat the same behaviour that has been learnt (latent learning). * Motivation- the behaviour that has been learn t, the individual is now able to repeat it. The rep eat can occur due to sightedness and recalling the reenforce model. Moodle notes) The social learning theory explains the self- follow upling prophecy and the social reference. The self-fulfilling prophecy is a two way interaction that explains how we clear and how others see us and be stick towards. For example, when a somebody who does not believe in him/herself that they can arrive at a certain goal, if they are spark offd they are able to fulfil the prophecy by working hard. The piece theory is al approximately the same as the self-fulfilling prophecy. The eccentric theory suggests that since we live within a certain culture or social group we are influenced by the society.When this happens it leads to an individual accepting that they are certain roles that they are expected to live to due to what society says. For example, the mother is expected to look after the children and feeding them. The role of the mother can ch ange when they are in a different environment for example when acquittance for an outing with friends the mother takes up the role of being a friend (Stretch et al, 2010). (P2) In health practice social learning can be used to change the health of an intoxicating or a drug addict. Positive and negative reinforcement can be used when explaining the behaviour of people who are alcoholic and drug addicts.Positive reinforcement is that when the people take drugs or alcohol they meet a certain pleasure or euphoria they receive from that. The negative reinforcement that addiction can lead to unpleasant intentings such as belief or fear and similarly the can cause the growing of health related illnesses. Social learning will then relate to this situation. For example, universe health authorities can use a role model to advertise a programme such as rehabilitation. By seeing the role model the individual will enrol for the programme in order to change their lifestyle (P3) The socia l learning go up can be used to promote health behaviours.By the media introducing health related storylines in famous TV programmes such as East Enders. The role model in that programme is able to influence people to change their behaviour. It easy for role models to send a health related message to the people than an ordinary individual. For example a celebrity like Davina McCall was able to influence people to take up exercising by making sure she produced a DVD on how to exercise so that people are able to learn the behaviour of taking up exercising (www. dailymail. co. uk). (M1) The social learning is that it has demonstrated the strong effect of social influences on peoples behaviour.This approach has strongly explained how people are influenced by role models. People do learn from role model as they motivate individuals in achieving a goal. For example, without the back up of celebrities such as Jamie Oliver who is the founder of Jamie Oliver Foundation, people who have no t made an effort in changing their eating habits in order to rectify their health. This show the effectiveness of this theory as social learning is influential to the people in the society. The social learning approach uses different approach as well in order to study the look.For example, the social learning approach agrees to what the behaviourist approach says as children learn their behaviours by imitating their proves. In this case the parents will be the role model of the children. The social learning approach can be improve by stressing the point or explaining how childrens cognitive development can be affected as the child may observe the unseasonable information. This approach may not relate to everyone in the society as they are people who do not learn from observing others. For example, there are people called theorist who think logically. They like to learn things based on facts/theories.They like to know facts behind things. This approach would not turn in these pe ople. The psychodynamic approach was developed by an Austrian psychologist by the name Sigmund Freud. The psychodynamic approach suggests that experiences in our earliest years can affect our emotions, attitudes and behaviour in later years without us being aware that it is happening which is our unconscious(p) mind. We can never have access to the information that is located in the unconscious part of the mind. Freud believed that the information that we are not aware of can sometimes leak out as dreams or the slip of the tongue.When things that were are aware of it is explained as the conscious mind. When Freud came to explain the conscious and the unconscious part of the mind he gave reference to an ice berg. He described the tip of an iceberg as the couscous mind as it is the small part being available to awareness. The middle part of the ice berg he described it as the pre-conscious minds where we can assess some of the memories. The bottom of the ice berg was the unconsciou s part of the mind where thought are kept and we do not have access to the information or memories. Freud suggested the judgement has three separate to it, the ID, Superego and the swelled head.The Inner Desire is the part of the mind that is unconscious. The Superego is the formed due to enculturation as this part of the mind that represents a view of our ideal self. The Ego tries to balance the demands that can arise from both id and superego as the superego can be hash. Freud the argued how childhood experience plays a crucial part in vainglorious development, including the development of adult nature. He believed that the behaviour is caused by the mind and enactment through the use of the ego-defence mechanism. This mechanism protects people from getting harmed by something that are stored in the unconscious mind.The defence mechanisms are divided into s notwithstanding. * Repression-pushing painful memories deep down into our unconscious mind, so they are effectively forgo tten. * Rationalisation- is making decisions based on reasons that have facts to it. * Compensation-when a soul covers up their flaws by keeping a positive mind. * Transference-is when an individual transfers their emotions to another individual. For example, when a soul is groundless the energy shout at the other person. * Denial- is used when a person denies the fact that something wrong is going on with them so that they are not hurt much. Projection-is used when a person attaches their own thoughts, aspect and motives to another person. * Suppression- is used when a person hide their knowings in order for people not to know what is going to them. (Moodle notes) Freud also developed a theory on personality development. This theory was known as the psycho- inner theory. This theory explained the different personality development based on the different part of the frame and age. He believed in order to reach the next flavour you were conjectural to meet the all the need s onwards that. Freud believed that personality development in hildhood would influence the personality in adulthood. The table below shows the different developmental stage and the outcomes . Oral stage-He believed that the outcome was either going to be positive or negative for example, if the infant was weaned in addition early, it would forever see under-gratified or this would lead to the person becoming a pessimistic or sarcastic person. If the child was weaned too late, it would be over-gratified . Due to this a person would develop a gullible personality, naively trusting in others and with the inclining to believe some(prenominal)thing (notes).Anal stage- this stage the libido is focused on of toilet training. When a child feels that they are being forced to potty train before they are ready they can retain their faeces in other terms it is defined as anal retention. When this happens to the child they may develop personality characteristic when they are older which in cludes obstinacy or voracity (Stretch et al, 2010). Phallic stage- the fixation stage is being associated with anxiety and guilty feeling well-nigh sex and fear of castration for males. At this stage there is an unresolved situation that a girl may become a lesbian.This can lead to personality characteristics such as castration anxiety (Stretch et al, 2010). Latency-at this stage the child develops a descent with siblings, relatives and adults and solidifies the habits of earlier development stages. The personality characteristic that a person can develop is being agamogenetic (Moodle notes). Genital puberty- at this stage Freuds believes that a person fixated on developing a strong heterosexual relationship. During this stage a person who is involved in a relationship is able to show fill out towards the partner. In order for this stage to happen other stages should have happened (Stretch et al, 2010).Erick Erickson was a psychologist who agreed with most of Freuds theories. He believed that we develop through a series of conflicts. By this he meant that the stages the conflicts were basically a part of social nature. Erick disagreed with Freud as he believed that Freud that paid great attention on peoples desire for satisfaction and not really focalisation on that people have needs that we pauperization to be recognized by society so that we can live a substantive life. He believed that people go through certain psycho-social life crises and these are trust vs. basic mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt initiative vs. uilt, industriousness vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation and ego integrity vs. despair. For example, to the trust versus mistrust stage of Erick Erikson theory of psychosocial development this stage occurs among save and approximately 18 months of age. fit to Erikson, the trust versus mistrust stage is the most all important(predicate) period in a persons life. This is so because how a baby is entirely dependent upon his or her addressgivers, the quality of care that the child receives plays an important role in the shaping of the childs personality.During this stage, children learn whether or not they can trust the people slightly them. If these needs are met the child is then able to go to the career for steamy support. If the child does not feel dependent on the parent and does not trust them it can lead to fear and suspicion in the later age (Stretch et al, 2010). (P2) The psycho-dynamic approach can be applied to project why an adolescent in a child home who is infinitely rebelling against all the rules and appears to be developing signs of delinquent behaviour. This can be explained by looking at Freud approach.The reason why the adolescent acts that way is because there is no balance in the midst of the ID and the superego in the mind cavictimization the memories of his mischievous childhood to take over. (P3) The approach can al so be used to explain how an individual who has been given a diagnosis of cancer still is ref utilize to accept that they have the disease. I think that the person does not want to accept as he is lively in defensive measure. When there is denial a person is able to trap certain though or emotions in order to hurt themselves emotionally. (M1) The psychodynamic approach explains how a child learning can be influenced by their childhood experience.If the child did not feel like he/she can trust a person it would to them draw from society and end up hating the parents. This shows that childhood is a critical period in ones life. For the child to hate the parents the memories in the pre-conscious part of the mind would have been revealed and people will remember the no-account childhood memories. This approach can be improved by making sure that it does not lone(prenominal) focus on how the psyche and the psycho sexual stages influence behaviour. However, it can considered factors such as bio chemistry and genetics.According to this approach people may behave the same ways as adults have the tendency of using the same defence mechanism (www. thestudentroom. co. uk). The humanist approach is a psychological approach that emphasizes the study of the whole person. Humanistic psychologists look at human behavior not exclusively through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving. This approach was developed by two psychologists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Abram Maslows believed that every individual is seeking to become the best we can be spiritually, intellectually, emotionally and socially.He developed a hierarchy of needs and it include the different needs that a person will need when festering up according to the importance. The hierarchy of needs illustrated that the basic needs should be met before reaching to the next take aim. For example, for an individuals love and emotional needs to be met the basic physical needs and safety and certification needs should be met. Maslow believed that the most important need is self-actualization. Self realisation is when the person reaches the point of achieving full potential ((Stretch et al, 2010).Carl roger was interested in the purpose of self-concept. Self-concept is the way a person see him/herself. Self includes how we see ourselves biologicly and physically. Self-concept starts to develop from an early age. This is so because of a child is being forever and a day told that he/she is naughty. This can have a negative impact on their self-concept as they we start to see their selves the way they are being personation as. On the other slide by if a child is praised it encourages the child to work harder in order to achieve a certain goal they have set out for their selves (Stretch et al, 2010). P2) The humanistic approach can be used to explain how staff is trained to understand the importance of unconditioned positive regard in working pati ents and clients. Unconditioned positive regard is when a person stays positive about a situation and does not concentrate on the bad side of the story unconditioned positive regard can be shown when a nurse comforts a patient when they are feeling down and shows empathy. This is very important to show this kind of attitude as it creates a better professional relationship between nurse and patient. (P3)Humanistic approach can be of value when providing instruction services in a social care climb. This approach can be used to show empathy when a counselor is counseling a patient. Rogers has used this approach as a way for people to understand another person not only on an intellectual level but also on an empathic understanding. When a counselor is able to understand another persons emotions and feelings they are able to religious service the client. For example, when a therapist is counseling an alcoholic the therapist is able to find a way to serve well the client by understand ing the causes of the drinking.It qualification be because of a childhood event that has affected the clients life. (M1) The human approach focuses on how people learn from being given the free will and ability to change. This approach has been seen to be very effective as it sponsors people with less unappeasable problems. The importance of the ,Maslows hierarchy of needs is to give people the learning direction as it looks at the different flavor a person much go through in order to reach a point of self actualisation and at this step the person is able to be fulfilled as they have achieved the goals they wanted.However, consequences of absolute positive regard are that the person feels free to try things out and make mistakes, even though this may lead to getting it worsened at times. People who are able to self-actualize are more potential to have received unconditional positive regard from others, especially their parents in childhood. As the approach only focuses on helpi ng people with severe problems it can be improved in order to meet ability to help those with more sever personality or mental health pathology. This approach does not include people with severe mental health problems (www. allpsych. om). The cognitive approach was developed by a Swiss psychologist called denim Piaget. The cognitive approach focuses on understanding the cognitive processes such as attention, memory, perception, information, processing, problem solving, thought and wording. In simpler term it is the study of how people perceive, remember, think, let the cat out of the bag and solve problems. Jean came to a conclusion that cognitive development is achieved by going through 4stages (Stretch et al, 2010). Stage 1 sensorimotor stage- this stage happens between the ages of 0- 2 years. At this stage the child learning is limited.The child only learns through using they sense. This is why it is called the sensorimotor stage at the child uses their senses in order to do mo tor skills such as using reflexes such as the protective reflex. These reflexes are used in order for them to adapt to the world. Objects and events can be mentally represented by the child (sometimes called object permanence this stage comes to an end when the child starts to learn how to use his/her memory and language (www. simplypsychology. org). Stage 2 pre-ope discerning stages- this stage happens between the ages of 2 to 7 year.This is the stage when children start to apply their skills of language (www. simplypsychology. org). Stage 3 concrete practicable stages- this stage happens between the ages of 7 to 11 years. This is when individuals start to think abstractly and make rational judgments even though their rational thinking is restricted to realistic situations (www. simplypsychology. org) Stage 4 formal operational stage- this stage happens at the age of 11 and going on. This is when an individual is able to think logically and use hypothetical thinking (www. implypsy chology. org). George Kelly was a developed the theory called the Psychology of Personal Constructs. This theory looks at a person as a scientific making prediction about ones future, while testing them and when necessary the records are meant to revise in order to develop new evidenced. Interpreting and being mindful of reality and the environment is considered as construct. For example, when a person has HIV/ AIDS they may withdraw their selves form any social activities as they may see it as the end of world and they nothing to live for.However, the may not feel that way at take it a positive ways in which they can educate other people so that they do not make the same mistake as she did. He believed that people do not necessarily have to learn from their past experience (Stretch et al, 2010). (P2) Cognitive approach can be sued to explain how irrational thoughts experienced by people suffering from eating disquiet. This perspective relates to the situation. For example, when a person who has an eating disorder he/she can find themselves fighting against the disorder.The individual needs is based on trying process the thoughts to need to control, need to be thin and also a need to feel that they are cheerful being thin. This perspective is based on how the individual wants to live their lives and be happy the way they are than pleasing other people. However, the way a person can see their selves and think about themselves can happen because of the bad experienced which are leading to the person having eating disorders(Stretch et al, 2010). (P3) The principle of cognitive behavior therapy can help an individual dealing with feelings of depression.The cognitive behavioural therapy is a form of talking therapy based on cognitive therapy and behaviour therapy. It emphases on how people think about the things going on in your life, attitudes and how this impacts on the way you behave and deal with emotional problems. It then looks at how you can change any neg ative kinds of thinking or behaviour that may be create you difficulties. This approach is used as a way which is used to help people cope with their thoughts and behaviour.This therapy will help the person to solve their problems in terms of feelings. For example, when dealing with a person who feeling depressed the counsellor can first look for the cause of the person feeling depressed. Then the counsellor is able to relate to the cognitive approach in encouraging the person to be more positive(Stretch et al, 2010). (M1) The cognitive approach has been successful is explaining learning. This is so because the cognitive approach has been useful is modify to most of the types that are being used.The success of the approach has comes form the fact the approach helps people to improve their cognitive processes such as language and memory. The cognitive behaviour help people to understand what goes on in peoples mind. For example, the cognitive approach helps understand different pe oples behaviour and thoughts of a person who it autistic. Furthermore the cognitive approach helps people who work with people who have difficulties in learning language as it provides different strategies to tackle the problem.The cognitive approach has become the leading approach in psychology particularly since it has become allied with neurology. The cognitive approach is now called the cognitive science. This is so because this approach has been able to provide a very refined understanding of how the humour processes information. However, the cognitive approach does not amply does not include other factors that can influence a persons thoughts such as ecological validity which is the environment. The behaviour that this approach focuses on is not the behaviour that would happen in everyday situations (www. olah. co. uk). This approach can improve by addressing reasons being a personality characteristic. According to the cognitive approach people think the same because the app roach applies a nomothetic approach which includes studying a group of people. The biological approach (maturational theory) is concerned with how our genetic inheritance, evolution of the human species and the nervous arranging (both central and peripheral) affect how we think, feel and behave. Arnold Gessell was a very influential person in the field of development. He developed the maturation theory.Arnold Gessell described the maturation theory as A highly biological theory that regarded child development as an evolutionary approach where there is a genetically dictated series of events that unfold automatically. It is believed that development has a biological process that occurs in predictable stages over time. (www. maturationtheory. gov. uk) As Arnold believed that development happens with a series of maturation, his belief has been explained by how uterus develops in the womb. The stages are as follows * sprightliness forms first and at the same time the rudimentary ner vous system. mug up and muscles develop * Then the organism develops into a completely working human life form. * When a persons genes allow the person to become who he/she is designate to be with the influence of the environment providing support in the unfolding skills. (Stretch et al, 2010). Genes are also influential when it comes to person behaviour. Other behaviours are caused by certain genes disorders. For example the Huntington disease which is caused when one of the parents genes is dominates. Any one of the parent can pass the disease to the child.Disorders caused by genes are very influential to the person behaviour. some other example, autism is also a genetic condition than can alter a persons behaviour. Peoples with autism develop behaviour traits. These behavioural traits include repetitive motor movements such as rocking and hand flapping, avoid physical contact and also challenging behaviour including throwing things nigh when distressed(www. chw. org). There a re more common disorders that are not genetically determined however they have chances of leaving people vulnerable when it comes to developing the disorder.In order to find out the contribution of genes on behaviour there have been twin studies which have been carried out. Two types of agree were used monozygotic (100% of sharing of genetic material which results in the pair being identical) and dizygotic (50% of sharing genetic material which will result in the twins being fraternal). In order to show that genes are influential, Ritvos study showed that out of 23 pairs of identical twins 22 of the twins were autistic and 4 out of 17 pairs of fraternal twins were autistic. This shows that genes are influential (Stretch et al, 2010).The ductless gland gland system influences ones behaviour. The en physicianrine system has to parts to it the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the maven and the spinal anesthesia cord. T he autonomic nervous system is associated with the endocrine system and it is divided into two systems. The sympathetic nervous system which is responsible for speeding up during response in activity and the parasympathetic nervous system that calms down the system. (Stretch et al, 2010). The autonomic nervous system produces effects by releasing hormones.These hormones are released from the endocrine glands which are stimulated by the system. There are different hormones that are released that alter behaviour. For example, testosterone which is hormone released in the testicles can cause a person to be aggressive. (P2) When a person is working a shadow slant they tend to find it difficult to stay awake when they are working. When the night shift is over the person goes home with intention of getting some rest however the person will find it hard to sleep. This happens because of the fracture to the circadian rhythm which is the rhythm of a day.The persons behaviour is affected b y the circadian rhythm. When a person is working at night his/her body temperature is low which will cause the person to be less officious. However, if the person is working during the day their temperature is normal which will cause the person to be more alert. The idea is influential to this process. In the brain there is a part called the pineal gland. This gland is responsible for producing a hormone called melatonin. When it gets darker, melatonin production is high because the pineal gland is triggered by the brain to produce higher levels of melatonin.When it is not dark the gland reduces the production of melatonin. The levels of melatonin can affect the person at a night shift because at night the levels of melatonin productions are high and this will cause the person to feel sleepy. This affects the persons behaviour as the person is not alert when they are mean to be (Stretch et al, 2010). (P3) The biological approach is very important because it explains the importance of understanding the concept of circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythm is a roughly 24 hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings.It is important as is determines the sleeping and eating patterns of an individual. The manager of a work is advised to have knowledge of biological rhythms. This knowledge will help the manager to take into consideration of the hours a person works. With the knowledge of the circadian rhythm the manager is able to draw up a pattern of shift work that is able to help the worker to have even sleep so that when they are working the are alert. For example, the manager may assign the worker with three age of week and two days off during the week (Stretch et al, 2010). (M1) The approach has been successful in explaining learning.The biological approach explanations have been variable as they are best on scientific research which can be measured tracked and examines. The effectiveness of the biological approach has been proved by psychosurgeons who were able to see the functioning of the brain by removing a part of a functioning brain. This process has been used by psychologists to prove that certain parts of the brain are associated with aggression. The researches that are carried out are scientifically reliable as they fulfil the aims of scientific research which is to conduct objective, well controlled studies and, ideally, to demonstrate causal relationships.The capacity of the biological approach is that it lends itself to scientific research that can then be used to support biological explanations. The biological approach is also determinist and this is an improvement because the approach is able to know what sets our behaviour and how we able likely to treat people with abnormal behaviour. The strength of the biological approach is that it is determinist and provides explanations about the causes of behaviour so that we can use such understanding to improve peoples lives.For example, if mental illness is caused by biological factors, then we can treat mental illness using biological methods such as medication. The biological approach can be improved in order to consider individual approach as this approach only looks at nomothetic approach. This is a weakness as people do not necessary behave the same way. for example, when coping with stress conditions women normally react by seeking social contact and support from other female friends whereas keep it to themselves(www. oxfordschoolblogs. co. uk). (M2 and D1)The approaches I will be focusing on are the behaviourist approach and the psychodynamic approach. Both of these approaches can help with a health and social care setting. The behaviourist approach looks at till different people are influenced by the environment. As psychology is a scientific study, behaviorist, as a psychological perspective it obtains its evidence relating to the basis that behavior can be learnt. The behaviorist approach has seemed to work when explaining peoples be havior as the experiment that Skinner and Pavlov evidently showed that behavior can be learnt.The psychodynamic approach explains how ones past experience can affect a persons behavior in the future. The past experience is stored in the unconscious part of the psyche and the memories sometimes leak causing to affect the persons behaviour. For example, when a person was abused when they were raw and this will cause the person to develop behavioural traits with include being withdrawal to the society or become abusive too. The approaches can be used within a health and social care setting in order to help individuals.For example, the behaviourist approach can be used when helping people to overcome a phobia and also to changes ones eating behaviour. When dealing with people who have phobias, the behaviouristic approach uses a classical conditioning. By this the approach uses a procedure which help the person overcome their fear. For example, a child who has a fear of going through a surgery procedure can overcome this fear by creating a hierarchy of fears. The hierarchy will show the least feared and most feared procedure. When this is done the person is able to relax and et over their fear because this procedure helps a person achieve a state of deep relaxation. This approach changes the aspect of fearing something by replacing it with the state of relaxation. When a person is at the hospital they can been shown how the procedure is going to happen and this will help the person relax as they will know exactly what is going to happen to them. When helping people with bad eating habit. The behaviourist approach explains how positive role models are influential. For example, Jamie Oliver has helped people start eating respectable by re-introducing freshly cooked school meals.His suggestion was taken seriously as there are more chances that the public will listen to what a celebrity say compared to an ordinary person. The psychodynamic approach can be used when u nderstanding challenging behaviour and also understanding anxiety and determination ways to cope with it. When helping a person with challenging behaviour it is important to understand first what is going on in the psyche of the person by making an assumption that the behavioural trait is due to the symptoms of what is happening in the unconscious mind.For example, when helping a person who is aggressive, in order to understand what is going on a person might make an assumption that the person grew up seeing his/ her parents fighting. When a person is anxious they may understand it by making an assumption that it is caused by what is happening in the unconscious mind for example an event that has happened before. The person can use the psychodynamic approach to manage anxiety by relating to one of the defence mechanism such as denial. The approach has similarities and difference.The approaches both have similarities. One of the similarities is that both of the approaches are both d eterministic. They are deterministic because they are based on the principle that something apart from organism is responsible for its behavior. For example behaviourist approach is based on previous experiences such as punishments and the psychodynamic approach is based on its typically tension between conflicting forces such as the id and superego. Another similarity is that both of the approaches (www. ngfl-cymru. org. k). The approaches have differences. The behaviourist approach focuses on how behaviour is learnt and the psychodynamic believes that behaviour is not learnt. The behaviourist shows how behaviour is learnt through explaining the operant and classical conditioning whereas the psychodynamic explain that behaviour is not learnt and ones behaviour is caused by forces in the unconscious part of the psyche. Another difference is that the behaviourist approach is based on scientific experiment and the psychodynamic is unscientific.The explanation for this difference is th at the behaviourist approach explained is theory by using experiments which were observed, measured, and manipulated whereas the psychodynamic approach was not based on a scientific experiment which could be observed, measured, and manipulated(www. ngfl-cymru. org. uk). The strength of the behaviourist approach is that is that it focuses only on behaviour that can be observed, measured and manipulated. Therefore, this approach has proved that experiments under science lab conditions can explain behaviour through observing, measuring and manipulating.The behaviourist principles of learning have been, and continue to be, tested in the laboratory where learning can be objectively measured. For example, the experiment that was done by Ivan Pavlov was successful on explaining how people learn and how they behaviour because the experiments results were valid as there were scientifically based. The other strength of the behaviourist approach is that the behaviourist approach concentrates on the present and current behaviour rather than exploring a persons past or their medical history (www. ngfl-cymru. org. uk).This is a strength of the approach because when it comes to determining a persons behaviour, by looking at their past experience may not be helpful as the person may not remember the past events that might contribute to their behaviour. However the approach has got weakness. The behaviourist approach has been criticised for determining ones behaviour by using an experiment of animals. This is a weakness as animals do not necessarily behave as humans. Due to this it is hard to say that the behaviourist approach has been successful in explaining how people behave as the finding of the experiment are hard to generalise.The other weakness of the behaviourist approach is that the approach does not focus on how the complexity of the psyche contributed to learning. This approach has been criticised by the cognitive and the humanistic psychologists because it does no t look at how the brain can be influential to determining a persons behaviour (www. pages. 123-reg. co. uk). The strength of the psychodynamic approach is that this approach was able to provide an important insight into how a persons past experiences can affect their adult personality.For example, the Freuds theory on personality suggested that if a baby is weaned too early, according to the oral stage, there are chances that when the baby grows up to an adult he/she is going to pessimistic or sarcastic. The other strength of the psychodynamic approach is that the approach has explained about defense mechanism that every individual can use. These defence mechanism arise naturally when a person feels that they are being threatened of their superego is on demand. For example, if a person is going through a hard time they can use denial as a defense mechanism as it can help the person to refuse to experience the pain.However the psychodynamic approach has got weaknesses. One of the wea knesses is that the approach is reductionist. Due to this it only relies on a basic set of structures that attempt to simplify a very complex picture. This is a weakness because there are other aspects that can influence ones behaviour for example genetics. Another weakness of the psychodynamic approach is that it can not be proved wrong. Any theory for it to be successful it should be able tested that it can be wrong however the psychodynamic approach can not be tested. Freud view can not be tested if they are false.For example, Freud viewed that all men have repressed homosexual tendencies cannot be disproved. It is hard to find a man who has no repressed homosexual tendency, if a person could find any man who had no repressed homosexual tendency then it could be argued that they have them, its just they are so repressed they are not apparent. In other words, the prediction cannot be falsified. Overall, both of the approaches have similarities, differences, strengths and weaknesse s. Despite the weakness both of the approaches have been successful in explain how each of its approach can determine how behaviour can be influenced.Aidan Sammons. (2007). The behaviourist approach the basics. for sale http//www. psychlotron. org. uk/newResources/approaches/AS_AQB_approaches_BehaviourismBasics. pdf. cobblers last accessed 04/07/2012. Brittan Barker. (2007). Glossary of Terms for the observational Analysis of Behavior. obtainable http//www. psychology. uiowa. edu/faculty/wasserman/glossary/opcondition. html. Last accessed 04/07/2012. Childrens hospital of Wisconsin. (2012). Autistic Disorder. Available http//www. chw. org/display/PPF/DocID/22122/router. asp . Last accessed 05/07/2012. Holah. (2010). Cognitive Psychology. Available http//www. olah. co. uk/study-area. php? slug=cognitive. Last accessed 05/07/2012. Learning-Theories. com.. (2012). Social Learning Theory (Bandura). Available http//www. learning-theories. com/social-learning-theory-bandura. html. Las t accessed 04/07/2012. Liz Thomas . (2007). Fitness queen Davina McCall tops DVD charts again . Available http//www. dailymail. co. uk/tvshowbiz/article-2082943/Fitness-queen-Davina-McCall-tops-DVD-charts-again. html. Last accessed 04/07/2012. Niu. (2007). Classical Conditioning. Available http//www3. niu. edu/acad/psych/Millis/History/2003/ClassicalConditioning. tm. Last accessed 04/07/2012. Psychology Perspectives. (2007). Psychology Perspectives. Available http//www. simplypsychology. org/perspective. html. Last accessed 05/07/2012. Saul McLeod. (2007). Sensorimotor Stage. Available http//www. simplypsychology. org/sensorimotor. html. Last accessed 05/07/2012. knowledge Daily. (2007). Circadian rhythm. Available http//www. sciencedaily. com/articles/c/circadian_rhythm. htm. Last accessed 04/07/2012. http//pages. 123-reg. co. uk/psyuk-631767/advancedsuccessltd/id23. html http//www. ngfl-cymru. org. uk/vtc/ngfl/psychology/psy_1. doc